Eutrichophilus cordiceps Mjöberg, 1910 (Ischnocera: Trichodectidae) in Spiny Tree Porcupines (Coendou villosus): New locality records and the first molecular evidence of association with Bartonella sp.

The chewing louse genus Eutrichophilus Mjöberg has 19 species only associated with porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). Of these species, E. cercolabes, E. cordiceps, E. emersoni, E. minor, E. moojeni, and E. paraguayensis have been recorded in Brazil. In the present study, we report E. cordiceps for the first time in the São Paulo State (Bauru Municipality) and for the second time in the Santa Catarina State (Lages Municipality), providing scanning electron images and light microscopy for the eggs, as well as the first molecular data (18S rRNA) for the genus. Additionally, Bartonella sp. was detected for the first time in this chewing lice species.

Ocorrência de pessoas infectadas pelo HIV que realizam tratamento com antirretroviral em uma cidade do sul do Brasil: um desafio aos profissionais de saúde / Adherence of HIV-infected individuals to antiretroviral therapy in a municipality in southern Brazil: a challenge for health professionals

Introdução: A utilização da terapia com antirretroviral (TARV) é um dos maiores desafios para o sucesso do tratamento para HIV/AIDS, uma vez que é uma das ferramentas contra a pandemia, possibilitando a melhoria da qualidade de vida e longevidade da população infectada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de pessoas infectadas com o HIV que faziam tratamento com TARV. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado para verificar a ocorrência de pessoas infectadas com o HIV notificadas entre os anos de 2006 a 2016 que faziam tratamento com TARV, através das informações do Sistema Nacional de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Resultados: Dos 715 pacientes notificados desde o ano de 2006, 597 (83,5%) faziam o uso de TARV e 118 (16,5%) abandonaram a terapia. Com relação ao perfil dos infectados, o maior número de notificações de HIV eram do sexo masculino (54,83%), com idades entre 25 a 29 anos (56%) dos casos. Conclusão: Os dados apresentados no estudo mostram que algumas pessoas infectadas com HIV não dão continuidade ao tratamento, isso gera preocupação uma vez que mascara a realidade da infecção pelo vírus e diante deste cenário deve ocorrer o incentivo dos órgãos competentes para que registre os casos ocorrentes. Os profissionais de saúde nos seus mais diversos segmentos devem incentivar a utilização do TARV e notificar e acompanhar as pessoas que não retiram e não utilizam a medicação, e que sejam mais direcionadas as medidas de prevenção. (AU)

Introduction: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a major challenge to the success of HIV/AIDS treatment. It is a weapon against the pandemic, being capable of improving the quality of life and longevity of the infected population. The aim of this study was to ascertain the adherence to ART in HIV-infected individuals. Methods: The study assessed whether HIV-infected individuals with infection reported between 2006 and 2016 were receiving ART, using information from the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). Results: Of a sample of 715 patients, 597 (83.5%) were using ART and 118 (16.5%) discontinued treatment. Regarding the profile of HIV-infected individuals, most were male (54.83%), aged 25 to 29 years (56%). Conclusions: These data show that a significant proportion of HIV-infected individuals discontinue treatment, which causes concern because it conceals the reality of HIV infection. Thus, authorities should call for proper reporting. Health professionals from different areas should encourage the use of ART and follow individuals who fail to adhere to treatment, while national health policies should focus on prevention. (AU)

Diagnóstico de Cryptococcus neoformans mediante la PCR- RFLP en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en pacientes hospitalizados en el sur de Brasil / Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosis using PCR-RFLP on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of hospitalized patients in southern Brazil

Introducción: Cryptococcus neoformans es un hongo levaduriforme encapsulado, de distribución mundial, principalmente en regiones tropicales, causando infecciones en individuos inmunocomprometidos, sobre todo en los infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV). La capacidad de infección de este hongo es variable, pudiendo citar la facultativa patogenicidad, cápsula con actividad fagocitaria y producción de melanina como antioxidante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso de la PCR/ RFLP para la detección e identificación de C. neoformans directamente del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) de pacientes ingresados en un hospital público de la ciudad de Lages, Estado de Santa Catarina, sur de Brasil, comparando el resultado con la tinción específica para el hongo y el crecimiento en medio de cultivo. Métodos: Las muestras fueran directamente teñidas con tinta china para observar la cápsula, bien como después sembladas en medio de cultivo (agar dextrosa Sabouraud y agar de Níger) para crecimiento fúngico; también se hizo la extracción del ADN con fenol-cloroformo. La técnica fue utilizada para amplificación del gen URA5 mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y después con las enzimas de restricción HhaI y Sau96I para genotipaje mediante la PCR-RFLP. Resultados: En dos muestras fueran aislados C. neoformans con la tinción china y amplificados en la PCR, en las cuales fueran identificados como var. grubii. Conclusión: El serotipo A var. grubii es lo más aislado en la criptococosis humana, principalmente en pacientes HIV, pero se desconoce la preferencia de este serotipo por este grupo de enfermos. (AU)

Introduction: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast with worldwide circulation, predominantly in tropical regions, causing infections in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virulence of this fungus is variable, and it should be mentioned the facultative pathogenicity, capsule with anti-phagocytic activity, and antioxidant melanin production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/ restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for detection and identification of C. neoformans directly from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients admitted to a public hospital with suspected meningitis and/or meningoencephalitis in the city of Lages, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Results were compared using Chinese ink and growth media. Methods: The samples were submitted to direct examination with Chinese ink for capsule observation, then to growth on culture media (Sabouraud Agar and Niger), with subsequent DNA extraction with phenol-chloroform. PCR was the technique used for amplification of URA5 gene, and then restriction enzymes HhaI and Sau96I were used for genotyping by PCR-RFLP. Results: In two samples, C. neoformans were isolated by Chinese ink and amplified by PCR. They were identified as serotype var. grubii. Conclusion: C. neoformans var. grubii is the most commonly isolated in human cryptococcosis, mainly in HIV patients. However, the preference of this serotype for this group of patients is unknown. (AU)

Cryptosporidium spp. em idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência no sul do Brasil / Cryptosporidium spp. in older adults living in long-term care facilities in southern Brazil

Introdução: A criptosporidiose é uma doença mundial, levando a quadros desde assintomáticos à diarreia grave. O presente estudo teve como objetivo detectar oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência na cidade de Lages, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, buscando avaliar a situação da parasitose, relativamente desconhecida na população idosa, foi avaliada por meio de um método diagnóstico fácil e de baixo custo, porém nem sempre realizado na rotina laboratorial. Métodos: Foram coletadas amostras dos exames Parasitológicos de fezes de 93 idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência no período de setembro a novembro de 2015. Resultados: Os oocistos do protozoário foram detectados pela técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada. A positividade para oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. foi de 6,45% (6/93). Em relação ao sexo, a positividade foi de 8,9% (4/45) para mulheres e 2,1% (2/48) dos homens. Todos os pacientes tinham idade entre 60 e 70 anos. Em relação à consistência fecal, todas as amostras foram descritas como diarreia. Conclusão: A criptosporidiose é uma infecção parasitária importante e debilitante que afeta os idosos e precisa ser tratada. Os cuidadores devem estar cientes disso, para que tenham cuidados adequados, especialmente de higiene individual e uso de utensílios que podem transmitir a infecção aos demais idosos que residem nessas instituições. (AU)

Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide disease whose characteristics range from absence of symptoms to severe diarrhea. The present study aimed to detect Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in older adults living in long-term care facilities in the city of Lages, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The situation of this parasitosis, which is relatively unknown in the older population, was evaluated using an easy and low-cost diagnostic method, although not always performed in laboratory routine. Methods: Stool samples were obtained from 93 older adults living in long-term care facilities from September to November 2015. Results: Protozoan oocysts were detected by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Positivity for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts was 6.45% (6/93). Regarding sex, 8.9% (4/45) of women and 2.1% (2/48) of men were positive. All patients were aged between 60 and 70 years. Regarding fecal consistency, all samples were described as diarrhea. Conclusion: Cryptosporidiosis is an important, debilitating parasitic infection that affects older age and needs to be addressed. Caregivers must be aware of it in order to provide appropriate care, especially in terms of individual hygiene and use of tools that may transmit infection to other older adults living in these facilities. (AU)

POTENTIAL CROSS-CONTAMINATION OF SIMILAR Giardia duodenalis ASSEMBLAGE IN CHILDREN AND PET DOGS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL, AS DETERMINED BY PCR-RFLP.

Giardia duodenalis is an enteric parasite that has distinct genetic groups. Human infections are mainly caused by assemblages A and B, although sporadic infections by assemblages C and D have also been reported. Animals can be infected by a wide range of assemblages (A to H). The aim of this study is to identify the assemblages and sub-assemblages of G. duodenalis with zoonotic features in fecal samples of school-aged children, and in dogs that coexist in the same households in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fecal samples of 91 children and 108 dogs were obtained and G. duodenalis cysts were detected in samples from 11 (12.08%) children and 10 (9.25%) dogs. DNA extracted from the 21 positive samples was analyzed by PCR-RFLP, using the gdh gene. Results showed the presence of sub-assemblages AI (2/11), AII (4/11), BIII (2/11), and BIV(3/11) among children and AI (5/10) and BIV(3/10) in dogs, with zoonotic characteristics, and the carnivore specific assemblage C (2/10). G. duodenalis was found to infect both children and dogs living in the same household, with the same sub-assemblage (BIV) indicating that pet dogs are a potential risk of transmission of G. duodenalis to humans.

OCCURRENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (BANCROFT, 1893) MORAVEC, 1982 EGGS IN FECES OF DOGS AND CATS IN LAGES, SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL.

This study aims to report the incidence of Calodium hepaticum among dogs and cats, pets or stray animals, captured by the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fecal samples from 108 pet dogs and eight pet cats, and from 357 stray dogs and 97 stray cats, captured by CCZ, were analyzed within the period from July 2010 to November 2012. Coproparasitological exams were performed by techniques of sedimentation, centrifuge-flotation, and simple flotation. Among 465 fecal samples from dogs and 105 from cats, the overall spurious infections for C. hepaticum eggs were 1.05%. For dogs, this positivity was 0.43% and for cats it was 3.81%. The two positive dogs were stray and out of the four cats, three were stray and one was a pet. Although the occurrence of C. hepaticum eggs was low, these data reveal the existence of infected rodents, especially in public places, since, out of the six infected animals, five (83.33%) were stray. These results are discussed and analyzed with an emphasis on the risk to public health.

Comparação de seis métodos de extração de DNA genômico de Giardia duodenalis / Comparison of six methods for genomic DNA extraction from Giardia duodenalis CYSTS

Introdução: Giardia duodenalis é um parasito gastrintestinal que infecta o homem e uma variedade de animais domésticos e silvestres. A G. duodenalis em amostras de origem fecal humana pertence a dois principais grupos genéticos, as assemblages A e B, também encontradas em animais. Amostras fecais foram analisadas e a extração e purificação do DNA foram realizadas para avaliar a eficácia da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) na detecção do gene gdh de cistos de G. duodenalis. Métodos: A obtenção de amostras de DNA adequadas para protocolos de amplificação genotípicas foi feita por meio da PCR, comparando seis métodos de extração de DNA de cistos de G. duodenalis em amostras purificadas e não purificadas. Foram realizados os métodos QIAmp DNA Stool Mini Kit, processo de congelamento e descongelamento, ultrassom, uso de glass beads, desnaturação com formamida e o método convencional (fenol/clorofórmio). Resultados: Os métodos com ultrassom e uso de glass beads foram mais efetivos na extração do DNA. Não houve diferença entre o uso de amostras purificadas e não purificados para extração de DNA do protozoário. Conclusão: Verificou-se que tanto amostras purificadas como não purificadas podem ser usadas para extração de DNA de G. Duodenalis. Embora vários métodos de extração de DNA sejam preconizados na literatura, no presente estudo o uso de ultrassom e glass beads foram mais eficazes.

Introduction: Giardia duodenalis is a gastrointestinal parasite that infects human beings and a wide range of domestic and wild animal species. In humans, G.duodenalis samples belong to two major genetic groups, assemblages A and B, also found in animals. Human fecal samples have been approved to analyze the effects of DNA purification and extraction to assess the effectiveness of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in detecting the gene gdh from G. duodenalis cysts. Methods: Suitable DNA samples for genotypic amplification protocols were obtained by means of PCR, comparing six methods for DNA extraction from G. duodenalis cysts in purified and unpurified samples: QIAmp DNA Stool Mini kit, freeze-thaw procedure, sonication glass bead disruption, formamide denaturation, and conventional method (phenol/chloroform). Results: The methods of sonication and the use of glass beads were more effective in extracting DNA. There was no difference between the use of purified and unpurified samples for protozoan DNA extraction. Conclusions: In the present study we verified that both purified and unpurified samples can be used to G. duodenalis DNA extraction.Though various DNA extraction methods are recommended in the literature, the use of sonicator and glass beads were more effective in this study.

OCCURRENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (BANCROFT, 1893) MORAVEC, 1982 EGGS IN FECES OF DOGS AND CATS IN LAGES, SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL

This study aims to report the incidence of Calodium hepaticum among dogs and cats, pets or stray animals, captured by the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fecal samples from 108 pet dogs and eight pet cats, and from 357 stray dogs and 97 stray cats, captured by CCZ, were analyzed within the period from July 2010 to November 2012. Coproparasitological exams were performed by techniques of sedimentation, centrifuge-flotation, and simple flotation. Among 465 fecal samples from dogs and 105 from cats, the overall spurious infections for C. hepaticum eggs were 1.05%. For dogs, this positivity was 0.43% and for cats it was 3.81%. The two positive dogs were stray and out of the four cats, three were stray and one was a pet. Although the occurrence of C. hepaticum eggs was low, these data reveal the existence of infected rodents, especially in public places, since, out of the six infected animals, five (83.33%) were stray. These results are discussed and analyzed with an emphasis on the risk to public health.

Toxoplasma gondii: soroprevalência e fatores de risco em ovelhas no planalto serrano de Santa Catarina, Brasil / Toxoplasma gondii: seroprevalence and risk factors in ewes in the mountainous plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Toxoplasma gondii pode causar problemas reprodutivos em ovinos. Com os objetivos de determinar a soroprevalência de T. gondii e de identificar os fatores de risco da infecção, foram coletadas 1308 amostras de sangue de ovelhas em idade reprodutiva (≥ 18 meses), em 92 propriedades de 30 municípios da mesorregião serrana de Santa Catarina-Brasil, para realizar a pesquisa de anticorpos específicos por meio de reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Informações dos animais (manejo, frequência e tipo de transtornos reprodutivos, dieta e contato com gatos) foram obtidas por meio de questionário. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes exato de Fisher e do qui-quadrado (p < 0,05). Das 1308 amostras analisadas, 55,9 % (731/1308) apresentaram anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii, nas diluições de 1:64 a 1:4096. Não houve diferença significativa(p > 0,05) entre as propriedades ou municípios avaliados, tampouco na correlação entre os resultados de sorologia e as variáveis raça e contato com gatos. Correlação positiva (p = 0,003) foi verificada entre a soropositividade e a dieta exclusiva de pasto nativo. Tendência (p = 0,07) de maior soroprevalência entre os animais com desordens reprodutivas foi observada. A infecção por T. gondii em ovelhas está amplamente disseminada na mesorregião serrana de Santa Catarina, o que representa risco para a saúde pública.

Sheep are highly susceptible to Toxoplasma gondii infection, andit might cause reproductive problems ininfected ewes. Aiming at determining the prevalence and identifying the risk factors for this infection,1308 blood samples from ewes (≥ 18 months), in 92 properties in 30 municipalities in a mountainousenvironment of Santa Catarina state-Brazil, were collected for performing anti-T. gondii antibodies testing byindirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain information on risk factors (management, frequency and type of reproductive disorders, diet and contact with cats); these data were analyzed by Fisher exact and the chi-square tests (p < 0.05). IgG anti-T. gondii was detected in 55.9 % (731/1308)of analyzed samples, whose dilution ranged from 1:64 to 1:4096. No statistically significant differences in seroprevalence (p > 0.05) were observed neither between the assessed properties and municipalities, nor onthe correlation between anti-T. gondii serology results and the variables race and contact with cats.Positive correlation (p = 0.003) was found between high seropositivity rate and exclusive native grasses diet.Trend (p = 0.07) of highest prevalence among animals with reproductive disorders was observed. T. gondiiinfection in ewes has been widespread in the mountainous region of Santa Catarina, which has representeda risk to public health.

Parasitas intestinais em centros de educação infantil municipal de Lages, SC, Brasil / Intestinal parasites in nursey schools of Lages, southern Brazil

Infecção por enteroparasitas foi avaliada em 200 crianças em idade escolar, residentes em Lages. A prevalência geral entre helmintos e protozoários foi de 70,5 por cento com 61,4 por cento no sexo masculino e 74,5 por cento no feminino. Os parasitos mais prevalentes foram Ascaris lumbricoides (35 por cento), Giardia lamblia (14 por cento) e Trichuris trichiura (13 por cento).

[Intestinal parasites in nursery schools of Lages, southern Brazil]. / Parasitas intestinais em centros de educação infantil municipal de Lages, SC, Brasil.

Two hundred children from nursery schools in Lages, southern Brazil, were associated as to parasitic infections. The overall prevalence of helminths and protozoa was 70.5%, affecting 61.4% of male and 74.5% of female children. The most prevalent parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides (35%), Giardia lamblia (14%) e Trichuris trichiura (13%).